1. Critically evaluate the association between narcissism and crime. Support your arguments with reference to theory and research
Topic sentence/Claim
Introduces the point you are making in the paragraph
One paragraph contains one point, not several
Critique
‘Unpack’ the point you are making – explain and analyse
Critique doesn’t always mean a limitation, it can also include strengths
Elaboration/Supporting evidence
Use theory/research to support your critique, using examples and evidence
Implications
Identify the significance of the critique and link back to your main argument in the introduction
You can also end the paragraph with recommendations for future research or link to your next point
Example of a main argument in the introduction
This essay will argue that although the GLM is seemingly an effective form of treatment that increases offender motivation and focuses on helping each individual work towards a positive future, there are still some concerns regarding the model. Due to it being a fairly recent implementation, the GLM lacks empirical support and some elements of the model, such as its potential overfocus on positivity, have been questioned. In order to amend these issues, this essay recommends further research into the framework and suggests integrating the model with other treatment plans to address its shortcomings. Critically evaluate the association between narcissism and crime. Support your arguments with reference to theory and research
Suggestions for future research
- Further demonstrate your critical thinking by offering a solution to limitations discussed in the essay
- You can provide suggestions for future research:
- as a whole paragraph (example 1), at the end of a paragraph(s) (example 2), or as part of your overall conclusion to the essay (example 3)
- Please click on the following slides where I have provided example 1, 2 and 3
Example 1
Future research should consider a dimensional approach to how personality disorders are conceived, as this may help resolve disjunctions in the literature regarding the construct of grandiose and vulnerable narcissism, and constitute an important step towards a conceptual model inclusive of gender issues in these manifestations. Regardless of clinician bias, gender differences in personality disorders are reflections of actual, and parallel, differences in underlying traits (Paris, 2004). If personality disorders are eventually to be understood on a dimensional basis, this could also contribute to new advances in research and help with the integration of empirical synthesis of the differential effects that gender can have on trait expression. For instance, it has been proposed elsewhere that personality disorders with consistent findings of gender differences would be enhanced by defining sex-specific symptom expressions, and that this can aid the development of treatment interventions for both males and females to address particular deficits and needs (Schulte & Habel, 2018). A dimensional model, therefore, offers an opportunity to both reframe ‘personality disorder’ as a construct and may afford a more comprehensive understanding of gender differences in relation to narcissism.
- In this example you dedicate a paragraph where you offer a new theory/approach/concept, supported by examples derived from the literature
- This recommendation is based on previous limitation(s) made in the essay
- Ensure to link back recommendations to your main argument
Example 2
However, a limitation that brings into question the effectiveness of the model is that many have argued that it fails to reinforce crime prevention. The GLM has been criticised for its underestimation of individualised risk factors which are important in models such as the RNR as they help practitioners and offenders understand what factors have contributed to and may sustain offending behaviours (Ogloff & Davis, 2004; Andrews, Bonta & Wormith, 2011). Therefore, it is important that the GLM finds a healthy balance between encouraging positivity and reducing risk (Ward, Mann & Gannon, 2007) as some practitioners have reported that the GLM often focuses on promoting positivity to the detriment of reducing risk factors (Harkins et al., 2012). However, integrated models (for example, including elements of both GLM and RNR) have paid more attention to risk factors (Harkins et al., 2012) Critically evaluate the association between narcissism and crime. Support your arguments with reference to theory and research suggesting that the issue is being remedied. However, if risk factors continue to be neglected by the original model, elements of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) (which has been found to be an effective form of treatment for sex offenders; Ministry of Justice, 2010; Schmucker & Lösel, 2008; Kim, Benekos & Merlo, 2015) and RNR could be implemented as they focus on the maladaptive behaviour of the criminal ensuring that there is a fair balance between promoting positivity and risk reduction.
- In this example you briefly offer your recommendation in the same paragraph where you outlined a limitation and supporting evidence for your critical analysis
- Ensure to link back recommendations to your main argument
Example 3
Overall, the results here provide novel insights into how different kinds of narcissism is associated with gender and how these factors are differentially related to partner violence perpetration. These gender differences accentuate the importance of including a multidimensional assessment of narcissism that captures both grandiosity and vulnerability, and the full scope of IPV (physical, sexual, and psychological abuse). Such an approach arguably offers the potential to more comprehensively understand and unmask the gendered manifestations of narcissism as they relate to partner violence outcomes.
- In this example you offer your recommendations for future research in the conclusion
- This recommendation is based on previous limitation(s) made in the essay, where alternative models were considered and argued to be a more robust assessment (e.g., a multidimensional assessment of narcissism)
- Ensure to link back recommendations to your main argument