Critically examine the relationship between security and transnational crime.

• Using key terms in your chosen question, have you identified specific, relevant academic debates in transnational crime?
• Shown the link between  the features and characteristics of globalisation and transnational crime?
• Applied theories on globalisation (structures, institutions, competing ideologies) and on the impact of all this on individuals, communities, groups and societies)? Thought about perpetrators and victims?
• Integrated relevant criminological theories, concepts and perspectives on transnational crime?
• Used one or two types of transnational crime as case studies, whether covered on the module or not?
• If you are answering question one, have you defined “criminal behaviour” in terms of transitional crime?

Sample Answer

The Relationship Between Security and Transnational Crime

The dynamics between security and transnational crime have become increasingly complex in a globalised world. With the proliferation of cross-border activities, crime has transcended national boundaries, posing significant challenges to state and human security. This paper critically examines this relationship by exploring the core characteristics of transnational crime, the influence of globalisation, theoretical frameworks, and specific case studies that demonstrate the interdependence of security and crime beyond borders.

Defining Transnational Crime and Its Link to Globalisation

Transnational crime refers to criminal acts that cross national borders, are planned or executed in more than one country, or involve a significant international dimension. These include but are not limited to drug trafficking, human trafficking, arms smuggling, cybercrime, and environmental crime. Globalisation , defined as the increased interconnectedness of economies, societies, and information, has facilitated the expansion of these crimes through rapid technological advancement, deregulated markets, ease of movement, and weak state governance in certain regions.

The rise of transnational crime can be linked to the structural shifts induced by globalisation. For example, while international trade has improved economic access, it has also created opportunities for illicit trade and black-market economies. Organised crime groups have exploited global supply chains and financial systems, often operating with impunity in weak or failed states.

Theoretical Perspectives on Globalisation and Crime

Several theories provide insight into the rise of transnational crime and its implications for security. Structuralist and neoliberal perspectives argue that global inequality and deregulation have created spaces in which transnational criminal networks flourish. From a structuralist point of view, crime is a rational response to marginalisation and exclusion from legitimate global markets. Neoliberal ideology, with its focus on market efficiency and reduced state intervention, has inadvertently allowed private actors , including criminal syndicates , to thrive across unregulated or poorly governed sectors.

World Systems Theory (Wallerstein) also contributes to understanding transnational crime. It highlights how core nations exploit peripheral ones, facilitating illicit activity in economically vulnerable states that become breeding grounds for criminal networks. Furthermore, postmodern criminology points to the fluidity of identity, space, and governance in a globalised context, where traditional notions of criminal behaviour and sovereignty are increasingly blurred.

Security Implications: State and Human Security

The relationship between security and transnational crime is dual-faceted. On the one hand, states are concerned with traditional security , protecting borders, sovereignty, and national institutions from external threats. On the other hand, human security focuses on protecting individuals and communities from violence, exploitation, and socio-economic harm caused by organised crime.

For example, human trafficking, a form of transnational crime, not only violates individual rights but also erodes the rule of law and undermines trust in institutions. Likewise, cybercrime poses threats to national infrastructure while compromising the personal security of millions.

Transnational crime challenges traditional security paradigms because it is decentralised, adaptive, and networked. Criminal organisations often use legitimate businesses as covers, making detection and enforcement difficult. Moreover, because transnational crime crosses jurisdictions, it demands international cooperation, harmonised legal frameworks, and robust intelligence sharing , elements that are often lacking or politically constrained.

Case Study 1: Drug Trafficking and Narco-Terrorism

The global drug trade, particularly involving cocaine and heroin, exemplifies the transnational nature of crime. Drug cartels such as Mexico’s Sinaloa Cartel or Colombia’s former Medellín Cartel have leveraged global trade routes and corrupt state institutions to build billion-dollar empires. These networks often intersect with terrorism and insurgency, as profits from drugs fund militias and destabilise entire regions. The ‘narco-terrorism’ link, seen in countries like Afghanistan, illustrates how transnational crime directly undermines both domestic and international security.

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