Critically assess why terrorism is so difficult to define. What elements would you include in a definition of terrorism and why?

Assignment Brief

This paper deals with the concept of terrorism and its implementation. You are required to focus on the following aspects in detail:

• Critically evaluate the definition of terrorism and explain the elements that describe it the best
• Provide references of terrorism with legislation, court cases, and academic literature
• Comment on the given statement and discuss your views about the application of terrorist activities with justified purpose
• Give an example of a a ‘disruptive’ counter-terrorism and analyse its effectiveness through different researches
• Explain how lone-actor could be dealt with success
• Describe the benefits of military retaliation as a counter-terrorism measure

Instructions 

CR6014 Terrorism Studies.

1. Critically assess why terrorism is so difficult to define. What elements would you include in a definition of terrorism and why? Answer with reference to legislation, court cases, and academic literature
2. “Terrorism is terrorism, whatever the motives of the perpetrators”. R v F [2007] QB 960, at 27-28. Consider this statement, and discuss whether undertaking terrorist activities for a ‘just’ or ‘noble’ cause should be taken in to account by the courts.
3. Choose an example of a ‘disruptive’ counter-terrorism measure. Critically assess how effective the particular measure has been, and identify any gaps in the relevant data and research.
4. How can lone-actor, or small-cell terrorism be tackled effectively?
5. How effective is military retaliation as a counter-terrorism measure? Answer with reference to research data, and academic literature.

The word limit for the essay is 3,000 words, +/- 10%. The word count should be clearly noted at the beginning of the work. All work must be referenced using the Harvard method, with a reference list incorporated at the end. Further guidance can be found in the Module Specification and Guide on Moodle.

Sample Answer

Understanding and Countering Terrorism: A Critical Analysis

Why is terrorism difficult to define?

Terrorism is a complex and controversial concept that lacks a single, universally accepted definition. One reason it is hard to define is that terrorism is often shaped by political, cultural, and historical perspectives. As the saying goes, "One person`s terrorist is another person`s freedom fighter." This highlights the subjective nature of the term.

Academic literature provides various definitions of terrorism. For example, Bruce Hoffman (2006) defines terrorism as "the deliberate creation and exploitation of fear through violence or the threat of violence in the pursuit of political change." In contrast, the United Nations has struggled to agree on a definition due to differing views among member states.

Legal definitions also vary. The UK`s Terrorism Act 2000 defines terrorism as the use or threat of action designed to influence the government or intimidate the public for the purpose of advancing a political, religious, or ideological cause. This law has been criticised for being too broad and open to interpretation.

Court cases such as R v Gul [2013] UKSC 64 have shown how difficult it can be to apply these definitions. In this case, the UK Supreme Court had to decide whether certain acts committed abroad could be considered terrorism under UK law. The judgment highlighted the tension between legal definitions and the practical realities of global conflicts.

In conclusion, terrorism is difficult to define because it involves subjective interpretations, political biases, and legal complexities. A good definition should include elements such as violence or the threat of violence, the intent to cause fear, and the pursuit of a political or ideological goal.

Should terrorist motives be considered by courts?

The statement, "Terrorism is terrorism, whatever the motives of the perpetrators" (R v F [2007] QB 960), suggests that the motive behind an act should not influence whether it is classified as terrorism. This viewpoint supports an objective legal approach that focuses solely on actions rather than intentions.

However, some argue that motives should be taken into account. For example, a person fighting for human rights might commit acts that are technically considered terrorism but are widely seen as morally justified. Others believe that recognising motives could lead to inconsistency and bias in legal rulings.

International law generally treats motive as irrelevant when determining whether an act is terrorism. This is done to ensure consistency and avoid justifying violence. The UN Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy does not distinguish between motives.

From a legal standpoint, considering motive might complicate trials and create loopholes. For instance, if courts accept `noble` motives, individuals could justify violence under the pretext of good intentions. This could undermine the rule of law and public safety.

In conclusion, while motives may offer context, courts must focus on the act and its consequences to maintain fairness and uphold legal standards. Allowing motives to influence rulings could open the door to subjective interpretations and justify harmful behaviour.

Continued...