What is the role of history in the construction of gender ideology?

Assignment Brief

In Chapter 11 of Culture Counts, we are introduced to the shaman figure as someone who is "recognized as having the ability to mediate between the world of humanity and the world of gods or spirits", however, they are also "not a recognized official of any religious organization".

Question 1

What kinds of people in the United States might be classified as shamans? What is the role of a shaman in our contemporary lives? Are there situations that you feel are better handled by a shaman than by a doctor or priest? Why or why not?

Question 2

What is the role of history in the construction of gender ideology? Consider the United States during the past 100 years. How have women’s and men’s roles changed as a result of specific historical moments?

Sample Answer

Shamans and Gender Ideology in the United States

Question 1: The Role of Shamans in Contemporary US Society

While traditional shamans originate in indigenous cultures, the idea of a spiritual mediator still exists in modern American society, though in less formal or institutional ways. In the US, individuals such as holistic healers, energy workers, spiritual mediums, and even some psychotherapists or life coaches might be viewed as modern-day shamans. These people are often recognised by their communities for offering emotional, spiritual, or mental healing without necessarily being part of an official religious or medical institution.

Shamans today may guide people through personal crises, emotional trauma, grief, or spiritual confusion. They may use meditation, rituals, energy healing, or other non-traditional methods. Their strength lies in their ability to address emotional and spiritual needs that may not be the main focus of conventional medicine or religious services.

In some situations, a shaman-like figure might provide comfort and support better than a doctor or priest. For example, in cases of grief or emotional imbalance, someone may prefer a holistic or spiritual approach that incorporates cultural beliefs, personal healing rituals, and one-on-one guidance. While doctors treat physical symptoms and priests offer structured religious counsel, shamans often combine emotional, mental, and spiritual perspectives in a more personalised way. That said, shamans are not a replacement for medical professionals or religious leaders but can complement their roles.

Question 2: History and the Construction of Gender Ideology in the United States

Over the past 100 years, gender roles in the United States have shifted significantly due to key historical events and social movements. In the early 20th century, women were largely confined to domestic roles and had limited legal rights. The women`s suffrage movement led to the 19th Amendment in 1920, giving women the right to vote and marking the beginning of formal gender role changes.

During World War II, women took on roles in factories and other jobs while men were at war, challenging traditional notions of femininity. However, the post-war period saw a return to domestic ideals, where women were encouraged to be homemakers, as seen in 1950s media and advertising.

The 1960s and 1970s brought the second-wave feminist movement, which fought for workplace rights, reproductive freedom, and gender equality. This era led to major legislation like Title IX (1972), promoting equality in education and sports.

From the 1980s to today, increasing numbers of women have entered professional fields, and public attitudes about gender roles have continued to evolve. At the same time, awareness around masculinity has also grown, with ongoing conversations about emotional expression, fatherhood, and challenging rigid male stereotypes.

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