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Choose some historical data for some particular companies or organisations or asset classes in any markets and/or economic regions or countries, e.g., your home countries or UK/US etc.

Assignment Brief

Research Methods for Risk Management

Coursework for the quantitative part

The deadline for submission of the project report is 3pm on 16th June 2020. The report (3000 words with a ±10% tolerance) should be word-processed, double spaced, fully referenced in 12 points fonts. Your coursework needs to be submitted electronically to Moodle. See your Student Handbook (on Moodle) for further details of this process.

Quantitative Project Question:

Choose some historical data for some particular companies or organisations or asset classes in any markets and/or economic regions or countries, e.g., your home countries or UK/US etc. Conduct some empirical analyses on the dataset to investigate a core question of your choice along with several supporting sub topics. Discuss the implications of your results from the point of view of risk management.

Submission requirements:

  1. A 3000 words report in Word or PDF format.

  2. A zip file including your Stata do file(s) that record your codes and operations, data, and 3 core references.

Marking scheme: see document ‘Marking Classification Guide’.

Guidance:

About do files and code, you can write your Stata codes directly in the Editor of Stata. Or you can operate your data with Stata menus and then in the end you can save your history of commands (left panel of Stata) to a do file. The data can be in any usual format like .dta/.csv/excel files etc. You must use Stata to do the coursework since using Stata to do analyses is one of the main learning contents in the module. Other software is not allowed. Besides, including screenshots in the zip package is optional, but you still need to include the do files and data

There will be two tabs in the submission window, one tab for the report and another tab for the zip file. Please submit your work to the correct places.

The coursework report should begin with an introduction and brief literature review. You may introduce and employ any methods you think of as appropriate. In any case, you should clearly define any notations and variables you use and methodologies you make use of, and need to provide suitable references wherever necessary. You never have to cover all topics in the module. You are free to choose methods in one topic or several topics, but your report should be consistent on one core question. The number of methods will not matter. Your critical analyses, interpretations and discussions of your results, which are beyond what are covered in lectures (as well as any clear evidence of your further readings of the relevant literature) could be extra rewarded, provided they are done in a correct and appropriate manner. Data can be collected from Yahoo Finance, the Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED) of Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, databases subscribed by the university, data about your   home      countries,            or                   other   resources  available, see, e.g., https://finance.yahoo.com/,  https://fred.stlouisfed.org/, and https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/business/research/available-databases.aspx.

In addition to the topics and materials covered in class, you may like to refer to the following literature in particular as your reference. The list provides some examples and ideas, but you do not have to follow them.

  • Andersen, T., Bollerslev, T., Diebold, F. X. and Ebens, H. (2001). The Distribution of Realized Stock Return Volatility. Journal of Financial Economics, 61, 43-76.

  • Bansal, R. and Lundblad, C. (2002). Market efficiency, asset returns, and the size of the risk premium in global equity markets. Journal of Econometrics, 109, 195-237.

  • Cont, R. (2001). Empirical properties of asset returns: stylized facts and statistical issues. Quantitative Finance, 1, 223-236

  • Engle, R. F. (1982). Autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity with estimates of the variance of United Kingdom inflation. Econometrica, 50, 987-1007.

    • Lo, A. W. and MacKinlay, A. C. (1988). Stock market prices do not follow random walks: evidence from a simple Specification test. Review of Financial Studies, 1, 41-66.

    • McNeil, A., Frey, R. and Embrechts, P. (2005). Quantitative Risk Management: Concepts, Techniques, and Tools. Princeton University Press, Princeton and Oxford.

      • Poterba, J. M. and Summers, L. H. (1988). Mean reversion in stock prices: evidence and implications. Journal of Financial Economics, 22, 27-59.

      • Solnik, B. (1990). The distribution of daily stock returns and settlement procedures: the Paris Bourse. Journal of Finance, 45, 1601-1609.

      • Taylor, S. J. (2005). Asset Price Dynamics, Volatility, and Prediction. Princeton University Press, Princeton and Oxford.

      • Tsay, R. S. (2002). Analysis of Financial Time Series. Wiley, New York.

You should also show evidence of independent research and reading such as other journal articles on this topic. When reading various journal articles, you are strongly advised to pay careful attention to how data, graphs and tables are presented, and aim to achieve the same presentation style for your coursework.

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Sample Answer

Empirical Analysis of Stock Market Volatility and Risk Management Implications: Evidence from US Technology Stocks

Introduction

Risk management in financial markets relies heavily on understanding how asset returns behave over time, particularly in relation to volatility, clustering, and predictability. The increasing complexity of global financial systems means that investors and institutions must constantly evaluate market risk using empirical data rather than relying on theoretical assumptions alone.

This report investigates the volatility dynamics of major US technology stocks, specifically Apple Inc., Microsoft Corporation, and Amazon.com Inc., using historical daily price data. The core objective is to examine whether these assets exhibit volatility clustering and time-varying risk, and to assess the implications of these characteristics for financial risk management.

The analysis draws on financial econometric theories such as the Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (ARCH) model introduced by Engle (1982), as well as later extensions used in modern risk modelling. The study uses Stata-based empirical methods to evaluate return behaviour, volatility patterns, and risk forecasting relevance.

The central research question is:

How do volatility patterns in US technology stocks affect risk measurement and forecasting accuracy in financial risk management?

Brief Literature Review

Financial time series research has consistently shown that asset returns are not normally distributed and display time-varying volatility. Cont (2001) identifies key “stylised facts” of financial returns, including fat tails, volatility clustering, and leverage effects.

Engle’s (1982) ARCH model was one of the first frameworks to capture changing variance over time, later extended into GARCH models to improve forecasting accuracy. Bollerslev’s work further refined this approach, allowing volatility to depend on both past shocks and past variance.

Andersen et al. (2001) highlight the importance of realised volatility measures, showing that high-frequency data improves volatility estimation. Meanwhile, McNeil, Frey and Embrechts (2005) emphasise that accurate volatility modelling is essential for Value-at-Risk (VaR) calculations and broader risk management strategies.

Empirical studies such as Poterba and Summers (1988) also suggest partial mean reversion in stock returns, although short-term predictability remains limited. Overall, the literature strongly supports the idea that volatility is clustered and predictable to some extent, making econometric modelling highly relevant for risk management.

Because it models changing volatility over time, which improves risk forecasting accuracy.

Because markets show fat tails and extreme events happen more often than a normal distribution predicts.

It means periods of high volatility tend to follow other high volatility periods.

Because non-stationary data can produce misleading regression and forecasting results.

Leah

Really clear econometrics explanation. Helped me understand Stata work properly.

United Kingdom

★★★★★
Rachel

Good balance of theory and results. My lecturer liked the structure.

United Kingdom

★★★★★
Simon

Made GARCH finally make sense. Very well written and easy to follow.

United Kingdom

★★★★★
Thomas

Feels like a proper dissertation-style report. Got me a solid mark.

United Kingdom

★★★★★