Critically assess the challenges posed by white-collar crimes and some of the possible ways they can effectively be tackled by the police service (2500 – 3000 words).

Critically assess the challenges posed by white-collar crimes and some of the possible ways they can effectively be tackled by the police service (2500 – 3000 words).

Introduction:

• Description of white-collar crimes + type of white-collar crimes

• Who investigates/police white-collar crimes in England and Wales?

• + the essay will focus on how England and Wales police: fraud, bribery, and corruption

• Introduce the reader to the aim of the essay and its development in the body

Body:

• What is fraud (in brief)

• Challenges faced in policing fraud in England and Wales

• Effective ways of tackling fraud

• Perhaps a case example

• + critics

• What is bribery (in brief)

• Challenges faced in policing bribery in England and Wales

• Effective ways of tackling bribery

• Perhaps a case example (in brief)

• + critics

• What is corruption (in brief)

• Challenges faced in policing corruption in England and Wales

• Effective ways of tackling corruption

• Perhaps a case example (in brief)

• + critics

Conclusion:

• A summary of what is said in the body

• Highlighting the significant challenges of policing white-collar crimes

• How to police effectively these criminal activities

• What England and Wales can do to reduce these criminal activities?

NB. This essay will critically assess how white-collar crimes are policed in England and Wales – effective ways, weaknesses and if there is room for improvement. Even if the focus is restricted on the England and Wales legislation, in the introduction and the critics of their policing approach, we can use and mention US and European approaches – highlighting the differences and what England and Wales can take on board to reduce/ tackle these issues.

Useful references:

Policing Financial Crime by Michael Levi – page 588 of International Handbook of White-Collar and Corporate Crime by Diane Vaughan - ISBN-10: 0-387-34110-2

Situational Crime Prevention and White-Collar Crime by Michael L. Benson and Tamara D. Madensen – page 609 of International Handbook of White-Collar and Corporate Crime by Diane Vaughan - ISBN-10: 0-387-34110-2

LEVI, M. and JONES, S., 1985. PUBLIC AND POLICE PERCEPTIONS OF CRIME SERIOUSNESS IN ENGLAND AND WALES. The British Journal of Criminology, 25(3), pp.234-250

Simpson, S. and Weisburd, D., 2009. The Criminology of White-Collar Crime. 1st ed. New York: Springer

Levi, M., 2009. Suite Revenge?: The Shaping of Folk Devils and Moral Panics about White-Collar Crimes. British Journal of Criminology, 49(1), pp.48-67.

Gottschalk, P., 2020. Private policing of white-collar crime: case studies of internal investigations by fraud examiners. Police Practice and Research, 21(6), pp.717-738.

Gottschalk, P., 2016. Convenience in White-Collar Crime: Introducing a Core Concept. Deviant Behavior, 38(5), pp.605-619.

Goldstraw-White, J., 2012. White-Collar Crime. 1st ed. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Doig, A. and Levi, M., 2020. Editorial: The dynamics of the fight against fraud and bribery—reflections on core issues in this PMM theme. Public Money & Management, 40(5), pp.343-348.

Harvey, J., 2020. Tracking the international proceeds of corruption and the challenges of national boundaries and national agencies: the UK example. Public Money & Management, 40(5), pp.360-368.

Hock, B., 2020. Policing corporate bribery: negotiated settlements and bundling. Policing and Society, 31(8), pp.950-966.

Korkor, S. and Ryznar, M., 2011. Anti-Bribery Legislation in the United States and United Kingdom: A Comparative Analysis of Scope and Sentencing. Missouri Law Review, Vol 76(2), pp.415 - 453.

Button, M., Blackbourn, D. and Tunley, M., 2014. `The Not So Thin Blue Line After All?` Investigative Resources Dedicated to Fighting Fraud/Economic Crime in the United Kingdom. Policing, 9(2), pp.129-142.

Harvey, J., 2020. Tracking the international proceeds of corruption and the challenges of national boundaries and national agencies: the UK example. Public Money & Management, 40(5), pp.360-368.

Gilmour, P., 2020. Exploring the Barriers to Policing Financial Crime in England and Wales. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 15(2), pp.1507-1521.

Bossler, A., Holt, T., Cross, C. and Burruss, G., 2019. Policing fraud in England and Wales: examining constables’ and sergeants’ online fraud preparedness. Security Journal, 33(2), pp.311-328.

Michael Skidmore, Janice Goldstraw-White & Martin Gill (2020) Understanding the police response to fraud: the challenges in configuring a response to a low-priority crime on the rise, Public Money & Management, 40:5, 369-379, DOI: 10.1080/09540962.2020.1714203

Webster, J. and Drew, J. M. (2017) ‘Policing advance fee fraud (AFF): Experiences of fraud detectives using a victim-focused approach’, International Journal of Police Science & Management, 19(1), pp. 39–53. doi: 10.1177/1461355716681810.

Loveday, B. (2017) ‘Still plodding along? The police response to the changing profile of crime in England and Wales’, International Journal of Police Science & Management, 19(2), pp. 101–109. doi: 10.1177/1461355717699634.

Brooks, G., Button, M. and Frimpong, K. (2009) ‘Policing Fraud in the Private Sector: A Survey of the FTSE 100 Companies in the UK’, International Journal of Police Science & Management, 11(4), pp. 493–504. doi: 10.1350/ijps.2009.11.4.140.

Mark Button, Hiding behind the Veil of Action Fraud: The Police Response to Economic Crime in England and Wales and Evaluating the Case for Regionalization or a National Economic Crime Agency, Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, Volume 15, Issue 3, September 2021, Pages 1758–1772, https://doi.org/10.1093/police/paab022

Mark Button, Les Johnston, Kwabena Frimpong, The Fraud Review and the Policing of Fraud: Laying the Foundations for a Centralized Fraud Police or Counter Fraud Executive?, Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, Volume 2, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 241–250, https://doi.org/10.1093/police/pan027

Cassandra Cross, Dom Blackshaw, Improving the Police Response to Online Fraud, Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, Volume 9, Issue 2, June 2015, Pages 119–128, https://doi.org/10.1093/police/pau044