INTERNATIONAL TRADE ASSIGNMENT

Assignment Brief

1. Choose any Newly Industrialised Countries (e.g. China, South Korea, and Singapore) and Critically Evaluate the role of Innovation and research and development expenditures in explaining the growth of exports in that country over recent years. (Min. 800 words)
2. Is Eurozone an Optimum Currency Area? Support your answer with relevant Theoretical and Empirical data. (Min. 800 Words)

Sample Answer

Part 1: The Role of Innovation and R&D in Export Growth – Case of South Korea

Introduction

South Korea, one of the most successful Newly Industrialised Countries (NICs), has shown remarkable growth in its export sector. A major factor behind this growth has been its commitment to innovation and research and development (R&D). Over recent years, South Korea has heavily invested in technology and R&D infrastructure, helping it to become a global leader in industries like electronics, automotive, and biotechnology.

Role of Innovation and R&D in Export Growth

1. Government-Led Innovation Policies

Since the 1980s, South Korea has followed an export-oriented industrialisation model. The government played a major role by investing in national R&D programmes and encouraging private sector innovation through tax incentives and subsidies. Agencies like the Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) have played a central role in driving innovation.

2. High R&D Expenditure

South Korea is consistently ranked among the top countries for R&D spending as a percentage of GDP. According to OECD data, its R&D expenditure reached 4.8% of GDP in 2022, which is among the highest in the world. This heavy investment has boosted innovation in high-tech sectors like semiconductors, mobile phones, and digital technology – all major export categories.

3. Development of Global Brands

Companies such as Samsung, LG, and Hyundai have become global leaders thanks to their focus on innovation. For instance, Samsung Electronics alone spends over $15 billion annually on R&D. These companies continuously introduce new products and improve existing ones, allowing them to stay ahead of competitors and expand exports.

4. Export Diversification

Innovation has allowed South Korea to diversify its export portfolio. Rather than relying only on low-cost goods, it now exports high-tech products and services. This reduces its vulnerability to external shocks and increases its value-added exports, leading to sustainable economic growth.

5. Technology Transfer and Collaboration

South Korea has also benefited from technology transfer through foreign direct investment (FDI) and international collaboration. Multinational partnerships have introduced new technologies and practices, which local firms have absorbed and developed further, leading to export competitiveness.

Challenges and Considerations

Despite its success, South Korea faces challenges such as rising labour costs and global competition from countries like China and Vietnam. Moreover, over-dependence on a few large conglomerates (chaebols) may limit innovation from small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).

Conclusion

Innovation and R&D have been central to South Korea’s export growth. The country’s strategic investment in technology, supported by government policies and private sector commitment, transformed it into a leading exporter. To maintain this edge, continuous support for SMEs and diversification into new industries like green energy and AI is essential.

Part 2: Is the Eurozone an Optimum Currency Area (OCA)?

Introduction

The Eurozone is a monetary union of 20 European Union (EU) countries that use the euro as their common currency. The concept of an Optimum Currency Area (OCA), proposed by Robert Mundell in 1961, refers to a geographical region where it is economically beneficial to share a single currency. This essay evaluates whether the Eurozone meets the criteria for an OCA using both theory and empirical evidence.

OCA Theory and Criteria

1. Labour Mobility

An ideal OCA allows workers to move freely between countries to adjust to economic shocks. While EU citizens can legally work anywhere in the EU, language and cultural differences limit mobility. This weakens the Eurozone’s ability to adjust to asymmetric shocks.

2. Capital Mobility and Price/Wage Flexibility

The Eurozone enjoys high capital mobility, allowing funds to move quickly between member countries. However, wage and price flexibility remain limited in many countries, especially those with rigid labour markets like Italy and Greece.

3. Fiscal Transfers

Mundell suggested that OCA members should have a fiscal transfer system to support regions affected by economic shocks. The Eurozone lacks a strong central fiscal authority. The absence of a shared fiscal policy was evident during the Eurozone crisis when countries like Greece and Spain lacked the tools to recover quickly.

4. Economic Convergence

OCA theory assumes member economies should be similar in terms of inflation, productivity, and GDP. In practice, Eurozone countries are economically diverse. For example, Germany has a strong manufacturing sector and a large trade surplus, while countries like Portugal or Italy lag behind in competitiveness.

5. Political Integration and Coordination

The Eurozone suffers from fragmented political structures. While there is a shared monetary policy managed by the European Central Bank (ECB), national governments retain control over fiscal policy. This misalignment creates problems during economic downturns, as shown during the sovereign debt crisis.

Continued...